Mechanisms of Action

Acetylcholine Receptor Modulation

2 peptides

Modulation of neuromuscular junction signalling, relevant to cosmetic peptide mechanisms.

Amylin Receptor Agonism

2 peptides

Activation of amylin receptors to modulate satiety, gastric emptying, and glucagon suppression.

Angiogenesis signaling

1 peptide

Formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature, involving VEGF signalling and endothelial cell proliferation in tissue repair and regeneration…

Antimicrobial Defence

1 peptide

Host defence peptide activity through membrane disruption and innate immune activation.

BPC Cytoprotective Pathway

1 peptide

Cytoprotective signalling involving nitric oxide, FAK-paxillin, and growth factor upregulation.

Collagen Stimulation / ECM Remodelling

1 peptide

Stimulation of collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix remodelling through TGF-β and related signalling pathways.

Copper-GHK Signalling

2 peptides

Copper-peptide-mediated gene expression changes affecting collagen synthesis, growth factors, and tissue remodelling.

GHRH Receptor Activation

3 peptides

Binding the GHRH receptor on somatotrophs to stimulate growth hormone release.

GHSR pathway

5 peptides

Activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), stimulating pulsatile GH release and appetite signalling via ghrelin-mimetic pathways.

GIP Receptor Activation

3 peptides

Activation of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor, studied in metabolic and insulin-sensitising contexts.

GLP-1 Receptor Activation

12 peptides

Binding and activation of the GLP-1 receptor, modulating incretin signalling, insulin release, and appetite.

Glucagon Receptor Activation

3 peptides

Activation of the glucagon receptor, studied in hepatic glucose output and energy expenditure.

GnRH Receptor Activation

2 peptides

Activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors, modulating LH and FSH secretion.

Growth hormone signaling

6 peptides

Direct modulation of the GH-IGF-1 axis through somatotroph stimulation, influencing downstream growth factor release, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation.

Innate Repair Receptor Activation

1 peptide

Activation of the innate repair receptor (IRR/EPOR-βcR heterodimer), mediating tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory signalling without erythropoietic effects.

Lipolytic Fragment Activity

3 peptides

Direct lipolytic action through beta-3 adrenergic or hGH-fragment-mediated fat metabolism pathways.

Melanocortin Receptor Activation

3 peptides

Activation of MC1R-MC5R receptors, influencing pigmentation, sexual function, and appetite.

Mitochondrial Targeting

3 peptides

Direct interaction with mitochondrial membranes or enzymes to support cellular energetics.

Myostatin Inhibition

1 peptide

Binding or neutralising myostatin to reduce its inhibitory effect on muscle growth.

Neurotransmitter Modulation

3 peptides

Modulation of GABAergic, serotonergic, or dopaminergic signalling pathways in the CNS.

Neurotrophic Factor Upregulation

5 peptides

Upregulation of BDNF, NGF, or related neurotrophic factors supporting neuronal survival.

Oxytocin Receptor Activation

1 peptide

Activation of oxytocin receptors modulating social bonding, uterine contraction, and stress response.

Senolytic Pathway

1 peptide

Selective targeting and clearance of senescent cells through p53-FOXO4 interaction disruption.

Telomerase Activation

1 peptide

Stimulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase to maintain telomere length.

Thymic Immunomodulation

2 peptides

Modulation of T-cell maturation and immune response through thymus-derived signalling.

Thymosin Beta-4 Actin Modulation

1 peptide

G-actin sequestration and actin cytoskeleton regulation affecting cell migration and wound repair.